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Endocrinology 1990

In the early stage of tumor formation, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can promote the polarization of TAM to an M1 phenotype, and nitric oxide (NO) and ROS produced by M1 type macrophages can significantly inhibit the proliferation and induce tumor cell death ( The metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis and dynamic changes in mitochondrial morphology lead to alterations in immune cell polarity and phenotype, which in turn affects the biology of immune cells

Research has shown that cuprizone, a commonly used copper chelator, exacerbates the rapid loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination caused by ferroptosis (150)

Table 1 Ferroptosis inducer and their major mode of action in HCC

However, several animal and human studies have cast doubt on the effect of G6PD-d on IL-10 secretion