side effect l carnitine Can L-Carnitine Cause Effects? Truth vs Myths Explained (2026 Guide) L-Carnitine: Benefits, Side-Effects, Uses, Dosage

For example, researchers have tested BPC-157 enemas as a treatment for ulcerative colitis in a pair of clinical trials conducted by the Croatian pharmaceutical company PLIVA in the 2000s

(2) Saponins: Astragaloside IV, an active component of Astragalus, activates the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2 signaling pathways, reduces oxidative stress, enhances GPX4 and Nrf2 expression, reduces iron accumulation, inhibits ferroptosis induced by Aflatoxin, significantly improves kidney damage, and protects kidney cells (178)

Although little is known about the effects of lithium on gut microbiota, it seems to favorably increase microbial species richness and diversity in vivo [258]

Research Resources & Further Reading

However, a recent randomized controlled trial in MDD could not demonstrate a statistically significant overall effect of NAC supplementation to regular antidepressant treatment at 12-week endpoint [10]