l-carnitine pubchem Sigma-Aldrich Propionyl-L-carnitine, CAS 20064-19-1, ≥94.0% (HPLC) 50 mg mitochondrial biomarkers for precision medicine L -Carnitine synthetic No, =

10.1016/j.medcli.2020.04.024 7

Batch effects were corrected using the removeBatchEffect function of limma v 3.54

Allopurinol is a XO inhibitor and one of the most effective drugs used to suppress urate levels

Understanding these methodological differences helps researchers select appropriate protocols for their experimental goals (Pickart et al., 2015)

and third, it prevents damage from oxidative stress, directly by reducing mitochondrial respiration and therefore the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and indirectly by the production of nicotinamide adenine reduced dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) through the pentose pathway (PPP), which maintains glutathione (GSH) in a reduced state, the main non-protein thiol that acts as an intracellular redox regulator (Marcucci and Cristiano, 2021)