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Various pathways have been proposed as molecular targets of phosphatidylserine

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With the introduction of new mechanisms like HO and ROS, research gradually shifted toward theranostics integration, as well as multimodal synergistic treatment, driving innovative applications of nanomaterials in disease imaging, targeted therapy, and functional integration

(38) confirmed through in vitro experiments that Rg1 significantly increases the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt, upregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and inhibits the activity of Bad and caspase-3, thereby preventing hippocampal neuronal degeneration