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Eur J Nutr 52(8):18751889 Sabiu S, Garuba T, Sunmonu T, Ajani E, Sulyman A, Nurain I, Balogun A (2015) Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats: protective roles of Spondias mombin and Ficus exasperata

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Alongside such direct interactions, the microbial orchestration of the BA landscapethrough a cascade of enzymatic modifications including deconjugation by bile salt hydrolases (BSH) (113, 114), various epimerizations and oxidations by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) (115), as well as 5-reduction leading to allo-bile acids (Allo-BAs) (116)generates a diverse pool of secondary and modified BAs whose altered structures confer distinct signaling capacities, enabling them to interact with host receptors and profoundly influence the TIME (100), and medications (117), highlighting a complex interplay

Moreover, upon LPS stimulation, ATF2 promotes IL-23 secretion in macrophages, which then induces pathogenic Th17 cell expansion in autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis (201)