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Further, acetyl L-carnitine promotes the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to thereby induce smooth brain neurotransmission, which consequently improves the nerve cell function

It also discusses how these insights may inform targeted treatment strategies (92)

S., Rahim, R

Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Glossary 4EBP1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E-Binding Protein 1 ADNVs Aloe-derived PDEVs AF4 Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation AFM Atomic Force Microscopy ALP Alkaline Phosphatase AM Acrylamide ASC-Exos Antler Stem Cell-derived PDEVs ATP Adenosine Triphosphate ATPS Aqueous Two-Phase System BGP/OCN Bone Gla Protein/Osteocalcin BMP Bone Morphogenetic Protein BMSCs Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells cAW centrifugation-based washing Cabex Cabbage-derived PDEVs C-CP Capillary channel polymer C-dots Carbon dots CDEs Carrot-derived PDEVs CDENs Coriander-derived PDEVs CELNs Celery-derived PDEVs C-EVs Cactus Extracellular Vesicles CLEVs Lemon-derived PDEVs CM Chondrocyte Membrane COL2/ACAN Collagen Type II/Aggrecan COMP Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2 CQ-ELNs Cissus Quadrangularis PDEVs DGC Density Gradient Centrifugation DLS Dynamic Light Scattering DMSO DiMethyl SulfOxide DOX Doxorubicin Drp-1 Dynamin-related protein 1 ECM Extracellular Matrix ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ENs wintergreen-derived PDEVs EpCAM Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule ER Endoplasmic Reticulum ERK Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase EVs Extracellular Vesicles EXPO EXocyst-Positive Organelle FFF Field Flow Fractionation GelMA Gelatin Methacryloyl GENs Ginseng PDEVs GIT GastroIntestinal Tract GNVs Grapefruit-derived Nanovesicles GqDNVs Goji berry-derived PDEVs hUCMSCs Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen HIF-1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1 HPCA Hippocampal CD11b HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography HUVECs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells IB Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Alpha IGF-1 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 IL-6 Interleukin-6 ILVs Intraluminal Vesicles ISEV International Society for Extracellular Vesicles JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 lEVs Large Extracellular Vesicles miRNA microRNA mTOR mammalian Target Of Rapamycin MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mef2D Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2D MoEVLPs Morinda Officinalis-derived PDEVs MEK1/2 MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 MMPs Matrix Metalloproteinases MS Mass Spectrometry MSCs Mesenchymal Stem Cells MVB Multivesicular Body MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-Off Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NF-B Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of activated B cells NFATc1 Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells, Cytoplasmic 1 NLRP3 NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 NOX4 NADPH Oxidase 4 NTA Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis NTU NanoTized Unit (from spinach) OA OsteoArthritis OATNs Oat-derived PDEVs OPN Osteopontin ORI Oregonin I p70S6K Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 piRNA Piwi-interacting RNA PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline PDEVs Plant-derived Extracellular Vesicles PDNVs Plant-derived Nanovesicles PEG Polyethylene Glycol PgEVs Pomegranate-derived PDEVs PI3K/Akt Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein Kinase B PPAR- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma PVA PolyVinyl Alcohol Rabex Red cabbage-derived PDEVs RANKL Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand Runx2 Runt-related transcription factor 2 ROS Reactive Oxygen Species sEVs Small Extracellular Vesicles sRNA small RNA S100A4 S100 Calcium Binding Protein A4 SEC Size Exclusion Chromatography SDS-PAGE SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SOX9 SRY-box transcription factor 9 SP-EVs Spirulina-derived PDEVs STS Staurosporine Syk Spleen tyrosine kinase TA Tannic Acid TELVs Tomato-derived PDEVs TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy TGN trans-Golgi network TLC Thin-Layer Chromatography TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha UC Ultracentrifugation UF UltraFiltration UV-MALS Ultraviolet-Multi-Angle Light Scattering vAW vacuum-assisted washing VIB Vesicle Isolation Buffer VSMC Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell YAP1 Yes-associated protein 1 References 1 AbelsE

In addition, glutathione plays a role in immune regulation and detoxification pathways