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Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) can reduce l-cystine into two l-cysteine molecules to facilitate a faster increase in reduced glutathione

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In cancer, lactate, an energy source and metabolic by-product, can shuttle between glycolytic tumor cells and oxidative tumor cells, thereby promoting tumor occurrence and development ( In vivo , lactylation at H4K12la promotes expression of Hif1 and enhances endometrial glycolysis, and in turn forms an H4K12la-Hif1-glycolysis feedback loop to drive decidualization ( Notably, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA expression exhibits significant upregulation during in vitro decidualization

No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist for asthma, and future studies should prioritize standardized preparations, validated biomarkers of airway function, and direct comparisons with bronchodilators or corticosteroids