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The reactive species produced in oxidative stress can cause direct damage to the DNA and are therefore mutagenic, and it may also suppress apoptosis and promote proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis

In clinical studies, treatment with recombinant IGF-1 improved renal function in patients with moderate renal insufficiency or end stage renal disease (ESRD), as evidenced by increased GFR, lower plasma creatinine and BUN levels, and enhanced inulin clearance

Substances like ethanol, phenytoin, or barbiturates induce microsomal production, spiking levels without immediate structural damage

10.1093/ajcn/nqy038 124

PMID: 38399562