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on the other hand, releasing anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-10) and inhibiting the destructive effects of pro-inflammatory factors (such as IL-1, TNF-), thereby effectively improving the local microenvironment and delaying or even reversing the process of IVDD (Zhao et al., 2025)

Knezevic et al., 2021b) or an artery (Knezevic et al., 2021a), or with both artery and vein occlusion (Kolovrat et al., 2020

ATP provides direct energy to cells, allowing animals to recover faster and maintain optimal performance

They usually start with high doses and then lower them for maintenance

Scientists have been investigating its possible uses in therapeutic contexts due to its apparent ability to promote healing processes