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Hormonal modulation of neutrophil function Hormonal imbalances that define PCOS exert direct and indirect regulatory effects on neutrophil phenotype, lifespan, and effector functions, thereby shaping innate-immune responses at both systemic and tissue levels

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In addition to microglia, another type of glial cell in the central nervous system, astrocytes, is also important in neurological diseases (172, 173)

In LPS-induced neuroinflammation models, ALC confers neuroprotection by suppressing the TLR4/NFB pathway, restoring autophagy activity, and inhibiting oxidative stress.[13] ALC reduces microglial activation and release of inflammatory mediators by balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.[14][15] ALC attenuates microglial activation in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 mg/kg/day showing beneficial effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice, associated with increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration.[14] In repetitive mild traumatic brain injury models, ALC treatment showed protective effects against neurodegeneration and inflammation, reducing mRNA levels of MAPT, TNF, and GFAP in the cortex.[16] Combination Strategies for Neuroinflammation: ALC 1,500-2,000 mg/day + PEA 1,200 mg/day (complementary anti-inflammatory mechanisms) + Omega-3 fatty acids 2-4 g/day (specialized pro-resolving mediator precursors) + Curcumin 500-1,000 mg/day (complementary NF-B modulation) 4