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An in vitro showed that melatonin treatment restored mitochondrial homeostasis in OA chondrocytes by upregulating the expression of ATP, mtDNA, and respiratory chain factors such as CoxIV2, Sdha, Nd4, and Atp5a, thereby leading to a reduction in mitochondrial ROS levels and promotes an antioxidative effect (137) ( Figure 2 )

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 233.Tajirian A.L., Campbell R.M., Robinson-Bostom L

It is also susceptible to oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to issues with ATP production, which relates to neurodegenerative diseases 13,42

Evogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy by alleviating cardiac lipotoxicity in db/db mice

The potential of selenium nanoparticles in the near future can be considered for pharmaceutical applications and nutritional supplements