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Short-term exposure to PM 2.5 -bound Cu in asthmatics is associated with a rapid decline in lung function in maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) and a significant increase in IL-23 in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF), which, in addition to acting as a pro-inflammatory factor, promotes Th17 differentiation, disrupts the Th17/Treg balance, and increases IL-17 levels, leading to the development of asthma (Liu et al., 2023)

They are found in leukocytes and other immunocompetent cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 15 *.Hellstrom WJ, Feldman R, Rosen RC, Smith T, Kaufman G, Tursi J

So generally, the side effect will only cause pain

187 Notably, NAD + augmentation improves DNA repair through improving the neuronal NHEJ activity in AD mice